Atomic models are frequently used by biologists without expert knowledge to interrogate function based on mechanistic hypotheses inferred from the structure. At this resolution, the reconstructed EM density maps contain sufficient detail to interpret the structure using atomic models.
Major improvements in detector technology ( Faruqi and Henderson, 2007 McMullan et al., 2016) and associated computational procedures recently transformed single-particle cryo-EM that since has been producing a plenitude of near-atomic resolution structures from specimens of lower symmetry ( Allegretti et al., 2014 Amunts et al., 2014 Bai et al., 2013) and lower molecular weight than previously deemed possible ( Bai et al., 2015 Liao et al., 2013 Merk et al., 2016).
Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has been used as a method to visualize biological macromolecules in their native-hydrated state for more than three decades ( Adrian et al., 1984).
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